논거와 논증

한국어판 서문 ························································································ 5

감사 ································································································· 9

들어가는 말 ················································································· 15

1. 논증과 논증 분석 ·········································································· 25
1.1 추론과 논증 ···················································································· 25
1.2 논증과 직관 ················································································· 30
1.2.1 연상, 유추 및 기타 추론 메커니즘 ········································ 30
1.2.2 신경망 ·············································································· 35
1.2.3 직관의 약점 ······································································· 42
1.2.4 논증을 통한 통제 ······················································ 44
1.3 논증과 인식 ······································································· 47
1.3.1 세계상 ············································································· 47
1.3.2. 해양동물을 이용한 사고 실험 ················································ 49
1.3.3 세계상의 구성과 상대성 ························································· 50
1.3.4 일반화와 예측 ·············································································· 56
1.3.5 설명 ··········································································· 58
1.3.6 귀납과 연역 ······································································· 63
1.3.7 인간 인식의 가설–연역적 성격 ························································· 66
1.3.8 논증과 의사소통 ············································································ 71
1.4 논증과 문화 ·························································································· 74
1.4.1 논증의 문화적 맥락 ··································································· 74
1.4.2 논증 교육? ·············································································· 78
1.4.3 논증과 관련된 사회적 상황 ······························· 84
1.4.4 합리성의 위기? ·································································· 90
1.4.5 논증은 권력행사인가? ······················································· 94

2. 논거의 구성 ································································ 99
2.1 의미론 및 의사소통 이론적 토대 ······································ 99
2.1.1 언어표현, 진술, 사실관계 ······································· 99
2.1.2 사용과 언급, 대상언어와 메타언어 ································· 102
2.1.3 해석 ················································································· 104
2.1.4 명제: 지시와 서술 ·································································· 107
2.1.5 표면상의 의견 일치와 표면상의 의견 불일치 ······················· 112
2.1.6 언어표현의 엄밀화 ···························································· 114
2.1.7 엄밀화의 대가와 유용성, 그리고 기회 ······························· 120
2.1.8 정의 ·················································································· 124
2.2 논거의 논리적 분석 ····················································· 127
2.2.1 전제와 결론, 유효성과 관련성 ········································· 127
2.2.2 논리학의 과제 ··············································· 132
2.2.3 일상 언어 속의 논거 ························································· 136
2.2.4 발상과 근거 ······················································ 146
2.3 연역논거 ········································································ 151
2.3.1 연역논거의 기능 ···························································· 151
2.3.2 타당성과 논증 형식 ····························································· 154
2.3.3 조건논거 ················································································ 160
2.3.4 결론의 거짓으로 전제를 판단하기: 귀류법 ··································· 164
2.3.5 진리표와 타당성 ······························································ 168
2.3.6 정언 진술과 삼단논법 ····························································· 175
2.3.7 논리적 엄밀성과 일상 언어 ······························································186
2.4 귀납논거 ······················································································· 190
2.4.1 귀납논거의 특성 ············································································ 190
2.4.2 통계추론 오류 ····························································· 193
2.4.3 권위에 근거한 논거 – 부정적 권위에 근거한 논거 ··················· 200
2.4.4 유추에 근거한 논거 ········································································ 205
2.4.5 인과논거 ····························································· 208
2.5 툴민의 논증 분석 도식 ··························································· 212

3. 생활 속의 논증 ·················································· 217
3.1 일상생활 논증 분석 ········································································ 217
3.1.1 논거와 논증 ······································································ 217
3.1.2 선형적 텍스트와 계층적 논증 구조 ·········································· 224
3.1.3 규범적 결론이 포함된 논거 ·························································· 231
3.1.4 화제 전환, 기분, 관계: 대학생 토론 ····························· 236
3.1.5 선두 언어표현들이 연계되어 있는 암시적 논증: 사설 ················· 245
3.1.6 사회적 맥락에서의 논증: 설명과 세계상 ·························· 263
3.2 논증 분석을 위한 기본 질문 ···················································· 286
3.2.1 논증 자체가 이뤄지고 있는가? ······················································ 289
3.2.2 중심 선두 언어표현은 무엇인가? 혹시 여러 개가 있는가? ·············· 290
3.2.3 선두 언어표현의 내용이 기술적인가 아니면 규범적인가? ················ 291
3.2.4 선두 언어표현과 논증이 특정한 세계상을 나타내는가? ···················· 292
3.2.5 어떤 논거가 제시되는가? ····························································· 293
3.2.6 논거 사이에 어떤 연관이 있는가? ·········································· 295
3.2.7 논증이 어떻게 개관될 수 있는가? ············································ 298
3.2.8 어떤 논거 유형에 해당하는가? ········································· 299
3.2.9 규범적 결론이 담긴 논거는 어떻게 분석해야 하는가? ··················· 300
3.2.10 어떤 암시적 진술을 명시적으로 밝혀야 하는가? ······················· 303
3.2.11 논거가 올바른가? 명백한 추론 오류가 있는가? ················· 304
3.2.12 찬반 논거를 어떻게 견줘볼 수 있는가? ········································ 304
3.2.13 비객관성이 논거를 따져보기 힘들게 하는가? ····························· 308

4. 덧붙이는 말 ·········································································· 317

5. 복습 문제 ··············································································· 321

6. 용어 설명 ···················································································· 341

7. 참고문헌 ············································································· 361

8. 색인 ······················································································· 371